Obtained from our review likely underestimate the total global burden of malaria However, because of our focus on the higher-endemicity settings, the estimates Malaria in pregnancy in these other settings is likely to be relatively lower. Species, which are thought to have less impact on the pregnancy, the burden of Less common in these lower-endemicity settings and may be caused by nonfalciparum

Because malaria exposure in pregnancy is much There is a paucity of population-based data on malaria in pregnancy in HIV infection and their contribution to low birth weight and potentially to infant Infant mortality, we specifically sought studies that evaluated malaria, anemia, and Multiple pathways for the chain of events between maternal malaria infection and Of malaria in pregnancy and its contribution to infant mortality, we evaluated dataįrom published and unpublished studies during the last 15 yr (1985–2000)Īnd focused on sub-Saharan Africa, where data are most available. Malaria-endemic areas, and approximately half of these will be in sub-SaharanĪfrica, where P. In the next year, an estimated more than 50 million pregnancies will occur in

Interventions once a pregnancy has begun. However, these characteristics cannot be changed and are not amenable to Women), and birth order (more common in first or low-birth-order pregnancies) Gender (more common in girls), maternal stature (more common in shorter and smaller 18 Low birth weight is also associated with newborn Not the only cause of LBW in these malaria-endemic settings. Thus, these conditions are integrally linked, and P. Infection in pregnancy confers additional risk for higher frequency and higher Malaria infection in pregnancy may lead to anemia in pregnancy, and HIV Virus (HIV) infection are also common events in malarious areas and contribute to 18, 19 Anemia, undernutrition, and human immunodeficiency Infant low birth weight (LBW) 8–10, 14–17 due to both prematurity 15, 17 and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) 8, 14, 15, 17 LBW is known to be the most important risk factor for infant

Sequestration in the maternal placental vascular space, with consequent maternal Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy leads to parasite Organization has recommended presumptive malarial treatment followed by additional Pregnancy, particularly in many settings in sub-Saharan Africa, the World Health 8–20 Because of high rates of parasitemia in 8 Infection rates have been consistentlyĭemonstrated to be highest in women in their first and second pregnancies, with High-transmission areas and infections with P. Reported from Asia or the Americas, and where studies do exist, most have focused on 2–7 Relatively few population-based studies have been Infection and specific adverse consequences. Sub-Saharan Africa from the 1950s through 1984 focused on Plasmodiumįalciparum infections and described the frequency of placental The problem of malaria infection in pregnant women was initially described nearly 65 The failure to apply known effectiveĪntimalarial interventions through antenatal programs continues to contribute We estimate that each year 75,000 to 200,000 infant deaths areĪssociated with malaria infection in pregnancy. Maternal anemia was associated with LBW (PAR range =ħ–18%), and fetal anemia was associated with increased IM Transmission in 20–40% of newborns, with direct mortalityĬonsequences. Immunodeficiency virus was associated with anemia (PAR range = PopulationĪttributable risks were substantial: malaria was associated with anemia (PAR range Immunodeficiency virus infection in these studies were also considered. The associated risk for anemia, LBW, and IM. We reviewed studies between 1985Īnd 2000 and summarized the malaria population attributable risk (PAR) that accountsįor both the prevalence of the risk factors in the population and the magnitude of Mortality (IM) linked to preterm-LBW and IUGR-LBW. Retardation (IUGR), fetal parasite exposure and congenital infection, and infant Parasites, low birth weight (LBW) from prematurity and intrauterine growth Pregnant women in malarious areas may experience a variety of adverse consequencesįrom malaria infection including maternal anemia, placental accumulation of

Fumy areas pregnant